Richard Wright Coming of Age in a white-dominated south and equipment for combat racism

Richard Wright, the grandson of a slave born and spent the first years of his life on a plantation near Natchez, Mississippi. The extreme poverty of his family forced them to move to Memphis, Tennessee, in 1913, when Richard was six years old. His father soon abandoned after the transfer, a former tenant who leaves the family, the mother to support them alone.

His family moved to Jackson, Mississippi to live with relatives. Wright's whole life was full of these ongoing changesCity to live and stay with relatives, the white board in orphanages and youth hostels, resulting in divisions with their families and teachers are constantly fighting with criminals, street gangs, as well as its constant struggle against hunger, the ' hypocrisy, parental neglect and the trauma of a family of several members of the patient and face the hard work of Christian fundamentalism

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So when at the age of 15 years, Wright atone for his feelings began making his first story "The VoodooHell half-acre, "and was in South-registration, a local newspaper published black, had little support and encouragement from his family was to develop a high degree of motivation and courage to proceed with forging signatures to get on is the white borrow books from the library for him to satisfy his thirst for great literature.

Richard continues to grow physically, socially, psychologically and emotionally. He begins to hear his growth hormones agoin the church, and begins to lust after the older woman and sexually stimulated by the "sweet ringing voice."

Richard soon began looking for new ways to spend his leisure hours, until one day he decides to write a story about an Indian girl commits suicide by drowning himself. As he read the story of a young woman next door, Richard finds a strange sense of satisfaction on his performance.

Richard enters the fifth year of the Jim Hill School in Jackson, toAt the age of 13 years two years behind his age group. On his first day of school, accepts the challenge, with two to fight harassment from the school. Despite all this, he well in school, gaining confidence, and within two weeks, the sixth grade promotion. . He also provides newspapers and worked briefly with a touring exhibition, an insurance agent.

Most of Richard's classmates to work mornings, evenings and on Saturdays to earn enough money to buy clothes, books and lunch. But his grandmother,As a Seventh Day Adventist, does not allow him to work on Saturday. No work goes, Richard hunger during school hours, while all his classmates and buy lunch.

Richard will start friendships here, some of whom even in his adulthood were last year. (Dick Giordano, Joe Brown, Booker Perry, DC Blackburn, Lewis Anderson, Sarah Mc Neame and Essie Lee Ward.)

A classmate saw Richard's unfortunate condition, and the desire to help the sales orders to take up workArticles published in Chicago. Richard realized that making money rather than read the accompanying magazine / comic, has welcomed the idea. Licensed by the grandmother, who will start selling newspapers in "Negro areas for only a penny each to read the supplement magazine, a family friend pointed out the racist orientation of the articles in it. Richard then throws away his newspaper and never sold again.

Richard continues to push in his studies and read onthrough volumes of books. Once when his grandmother, trying to avoid him for intercession in a religious debate between her and her aunt Addie to slap Richard ducks in their time of shock, while the grandmother slips steps to the porch, a long march, that his Barely conscious and Links bedridden for 6 weeks. A Irratia Aunt Addie then, Richard: "You are evil, you bring nothing but trouble!" threatened to beat him, so Richard is forcing for one month or for the conclusion that a kitchen knife to bed with himfor protection.

Family life is still difficult, even if his mother's health improves slightly. He traveled for a short time in summer in the Delta region of Mississippi as "secretary-accountant 'to an insurance agent, Brother Mance, this allows him to know the rural South, much better. But he was strong, illiteracy, the 'ignorance, naivete and dismay came under the black plantation families there. The money earned will disappear rapidly and brother died TipsRichard unemployed again.

Next year, Richard starts the seventh grade. He began his gnawing hunger in my stomach to feel again. His grandfather was gravely ill and dies. After being wounded during the Civil War, had never written his disability pension, despite decades of the War Department to get to them. For decades, the grandfather would write to the War Department, claiming his pension, with no luck. While the grandfather was ill, the family wrote letters, affidavits and movedconferences held in an unfortunate attempt to claim his pension. Coming home from school one day, Richard tells her to go upstairs and say goodbye to Grandpa. Richard is then sent to Uncle Tom, to say when he arrived with the news, showing nothing but trouble so boost Richard realizes that always seems to provoke hostility in others.

Now comes Richard's grandmother forced to allow him to work after school and on Saturdays, even if reluctantly. It 'was questioned for the first timefor the work of the problem child of a white woman, daring to ask him if he steals, and serve stale bread and moldy molasses for his breakfast Richard confirmed their racial intolerance when he expressed his surprise at his request, writer by making it more courage: "He who has these ideas in my head nigger?" Richard decided against the work at once and never again. He has now taken a different committees and serving of meals for a white family. After the work iswould be so tired that he found it difficult to continue studying. He managed to earn enough money to buy school books, food and clothes. During the break for lunch at school, would now be buying her lunch bag and school books and put on new clothes.

His mother begins to recover and will soon be well enough to attend a Methodist church disapproving grandmother. Richard accompanied her there, to her a favor, get himself baptized. He does not force, for faith, butFor all his classmates socialized in the church meeting. During a religious revival, and Richard is forced to convert baptized by his mother as well as the entire black population. Meanwhile, Richard avidly reads pulp novels, magazines and all you can get hold of her.

His uncle, Thomas Wilson and family came and rented the first floor, in the spring of 1923. He threatened to beat Richard rude, which makes the challenge and Richard terrified to take with him twoRazor blades, which in turn threatens to dismiss him ..

In the summer of 1923, against Wright She suffered another blow, and the family moved from Natchez to Jackson, then Elaine, Arkansas, and back to Jackson, with his maternal grandparents Wright, the strict Seventh-day Adventists were in direct . Next year, Richard gets a job in a brick factory to carry buckets of water on the thirsty black workers. But one day the dog was bitten in the thigh white bosses. He does not receiveTreatment, but a racist dissipation cool, when he reported the matter to his superiors: "A dog bite can not hurt a nigger."

Wright sporadic school experience in his young life because of her family in constant motion. He reached the eighth grade at Junior High School Robertson Smith, Jackson, built a school founded and run by a former slave of that name who became a successful barber and local community leaders. It 'the first black institution of its kind in Jackson since 1894.Until I could afford a bicycle several miles Wright had removed every day to and from school.

Soon the work starts for the walls, was a white family, it is easy and good for two years. Then again you start the job of mulling the prospect of a black man living in a society dominated by white as theirs. In the process during the winter has come to write a short story called "The Voodoo of Hell half an acre," published in the spring of 1924 in south JacksonRegister, a local black newspaper in three parts, with no surviving copies left. Wright was at the age of fifteen, when he wrote it.

To read of his classmates were puzzled, as the motivation for Richard for writing. His firm religious grandmother, kept books out of the house and I thought fiction was the work of the devil have all been placed in the house of his conviction against Richard creativity. So his family has given no word of encouragement as they joinedher grandmother, believing that history is largely the work of the devil. Richard then grows more isolated from his progress from his family and friends. But that does not frustrate the desire for further development in this area. His dream of writing continues to grow, despite the many forces against him: the oppressive education system, in the south, discouragement from people around him and the suffocating Jim Crow laws. Soon he realized that with just reading, he was able to learn on their ownwell.

Various humiliating jobs, one of which involved him deliver newspapers racist towards the black community, and the alienation of family, has accelerated its flight to the horror and mystery short stories of Edgar Allan Poe and the novels.like. He said that as a teenager he "could not read enough of them." This has aroused the interest in Wright's definition of experience, through writing, as a poor black boy in a southern state, experiencing racial tension. He continued to write his short stories. ThisThe fear of his grandmother simplistic, they could not understand why her nephew was interested in writing about mystery and horror. Wright as a defensive move, he gave everything he had hopes of a writer who, after his first stint with the publication.

Richard will begin seriously to the fact that racism and prejudice are not only produced the attitudes of Southern whites, however, the products of the educational system to reflect. Children are taught blacks in ignorance, withoutObjectives and motivation to grow as intellectuals. For Wright, the education system, the injured as he was fed exclusively geared towards teaching them always remain subservient. He then asked why the Whites decided to keep blacks in perpetual darkness. Here he established some lasting impressions of American racism, before returning to Memphis in 1927. While in Memphis he worked as a dishwasher, and delivery boys, and for an optical company. Tired of legal segregation, wasdecided to leave the South before he would be hopelessly beyond the boundaries of Jim Crow restrictions on blacks.

Richard inability to deal with the boredom of Mr. Bibb, the task force him idle, it is still summer, and again asks Richard, Mrs. Bibbs - his employer - if the husband has a vacancy in the sawmill. But the next day, Richard is the danger that a worker working at the sawmill Black reveals his own hands with three fingers missing warned.Richard leaves and never again.

The next afternoon to see Richard Ned Greenley, his classmate, sitting on his porch as a closer, but is shocked to learn from it that Ned's brother Bob, a hotel doorman was by some white men, his work has been rejected white killed a prostitute. Richard will be more aware of the brutal racial oppression of the South. The murder of Bob Greenley is a myth, as the state of Richard looked up.Why did not you ever seen the brutality and racial misconduct of white South, his fears are reinforced. But soon he realizes that he must learn to behave "correctly" in the interest of preserving their lives.

Richard isolation from her family, it becomes clear to him when one day after talking to his cousin Maggie, Uncle Tom feels reproach her conversation with him and she warns that Richard is a "dangerous madman", which is expected to keep "isremoved. "It becomes when Richard's brother, Leon, back home aware of Chicago, with the family to love and to authorize the most part, it seems they do, Uncle Tom and other family members in their opposition to Richard .. But his isolation from his family was a source of strength Richard. In his younger years, he learned the need to be independent and ready to fight.

When Richard graduates from school, was elected first in his class. The Deanapproaches him with a pre-written speech at the closing ceremony, which Richard refuses to read miss the opportunity to read to get a teaching job. When the client calls to his office and gives him a pre-prepared statement, Richard is stunned. She refuses to read it, despite pressure from his family and colleagues as Griggs, another boy at school who play one of the most important speeches decided .. So on graduation day, some do not care 'by Richardpossible consequences delivers his speech, "The attributes of life," dressed in a suit, and leave the platform immediately.

In an attempt to make money, Richard began working as a porter in a clothing store catering to "Negroes on credit" under a racist chief regret, contempt of slaps, kicks, and black bags in the slightest degree. One morning, he assisted the chief and his son brutally kicking, hitting and dragging a black woman in the back of the storerape. A white policeman looks resolutely to the end of his act when he arrested the woman's shop to drink.

Another incident occurs when Richard was returning from delivering supplies to blacks, and he had a car with a white boy, to question him on his bike while pulling down filled approached and asked if Whisky their care. In its answer without addressing them as "sir." Richard broke a bottle of whiskeythe head and left bleeding.

Each day builds into hatred for Richard White. The fire chief, son of Richard, also not to laugh and talk "like the other Negroes."

The next time you come across in white was a Sunday evening while returning from a trip over, when he heard of white people trying to warn him to stop sending him his head is turned to white neighborhoods at night.

Richard, the brutal treatment of black and false witnesses everywhere s continued abortionmore jobs, because whites do not approve of the way he does because he can not laugh or speak, as "other blacks" .. This was what he met Richard at his old classmate, Griggs, who accused him of not learned how to learn to deal with "whites". Attention that was already in their black books, which told him that he did well for themselves to think before you speak, and think before acting, Griggs suggests that under his seemingly innocent, also hateswhites, but keeps it hidden.

Richard Griggs, then gets a job as an intern in an optician's shop. The boss, Mr. Crane, a Yankee assumptions, Richard, and he immediately begins to earn five dollars a week. Although Mr.Crane is decent. Pease and Reynolds ¬ ¬ two white workers in the workshop to keep harassing Richard and has caused nothing but trouble for him. Both are degrading racial remarks against him and threaten to call it otherwise Pease, "Mr. Pease" (kill, even ifRichard had not forgotten). At the end of Richard, who was going to take very seriously the job for fear of crying on the way back from the final work.

Richard experiences of racist violence firsthand when he began working in the city. Inexperienced in his new environment, which is difficult to act "correctly" influence the way Griggs. Even if he tries to adapt, not submissive enough. Richard must learn to be his true feelings and I hate the mask to survive.

Richard the next task is tothat the aid in a pharmacy. But without knowing the right words to say, his white head, loses that job soon enough. It grows in the awareness of the role that others take Black Boys in their work. Richard immediately took a job as a boy in the same hotel room where Bob Greenley had been killed by whites. In his work, Richard socialized with other workers blacks. To avoid confrontation, Richard had to obey the White Guard and ignore their impact when they slap the behind of athe waitresses, who escorted home after a night ..

Determined to make more money, sacrificing his moral and Richard begins to sell bootleg alcohol white prostitutes in the hotel .. He takes a job in another city theater, where he was entering into a ring ticket scams. As a collector of tickets, tickets on the counter in front of Richard saves to sell more. Fast, accumulate enough money from her. It does so by promising to send for his mother when he earns enough.

Richardcomes to the social cycle in the relationship between blacks and whites to realize. Workers blacks, the decrease observed in the stealing and cheating Richard, because they have brought the poor treatment they feel entitled by their white masters. In return, the white masters feel justified in their racist attitudes towards blacks who cheat and steal workers. Richard is in line with the printing press, when he steals a gun and in concert with others, robbed a store to steal food and juice CollegeJackson and then leave.

In November of 1925 Richard is ready to Memphis, Tennessee, who lives on her own. And 'Beale Street - a street known for its bad reputation - until he sees a large house with a sign: "Room". Not knowing if it is a pension or a brothel, is reluctant to give up a great woman "mulatto" The woman nods in, Ms. Moss, she lives with her daughter, Bess, at home .. Both beat Richard as soon as one of the best, the easiest personhas never met. Richard secures a place here. We rent the room upstairs to Richard. His landlady, Mrs. Moss, wants to have married the daughter of Richard Bess. But Richard is not interested ..

Even if you invite him to dinner to eat with them, he refuses. Richard. And 'uncomfortable with the attitude of a lover than Ms. Moss on him. Richard is confused with his "peasant mentality", but is trying to take her. When Bess says he wants to be friends,decides that she hates him. Although Mrs. Moss and Bess express compassion and love for Richard, whom he despised. Mrs. Moss and Bess look simple and ignorant, almost to the point of ignorance to be him. They seem to be in their world. With a house, can afford to live comfortably without fear - or even aware - of the racial prejudices of the south.

In memory of his failed attempt always qualified in the optical industry, Richard decides thatHe will try to go into business again in Memphis, not such a small town like Jackson. During the execution of commissions and washing glasses, learns to contain the tension that was in his relations with whites. "The people of Memphis, a touch of urbanity that has some of its sharpness the attitude of whites towards blacks had", but there was still tension. Gets a job at another company Richard optics. Its task is to one day earlier, the head foremanMr. Olin ¬ ¬ is that Harrison is another black guy to kill him ¬. Mr. Olin is constantly trying to kill the two boys blacks to provoke one another, until the end, he offers them five dollars a piece, if possible with the other. Richard Harrison and agrees to fight to exhaustion. Richard feared that Bess has told the mother of his struggle. Mrs. Richard Moss questions because he did not like Bess, she just wants to marry his daughter wouldone like him. Fed threatens Richard with their pressure to stay out of the house, but both Mrs. Moss and Bess and I ask him.

Richard takes a job as a cleaning boy in a hotel in the city where he met other young blacks at his age. A boy was surprised by the deterioration in named.Shorty a white man to enter him in the ass for one quarter. Richard is leaving to accept a job in the theater, where he was in a business where it is involved scam.from enough to moveMemphis

Meanwhile, Richard takes a job washing dishes in a bar in Memphis. On the way to work, he meets another young black man looking for a friend. The two walk to the edge of rivers and a bottle of brandy bootlegs, they are selling to a white man near, the approval of five U.S. dollars profit sharing. And 'only when the other boys did not return the money, Richard recognized that he was cheated.

With more than what is always able to buy RichardMagazines and books from libraries. In its place we would look at other guys blacks who work around him. These included Shorty, looking pale fat Chinese boy, who operated the elevator. It was the white man talking behind his football quarter. Other men who worked in the building were: an old man named Edison, his son, John, Dave, the night watchman. They discuss the rules of white with a feeling of hatred, but took their limits, becauserecognize the importance of money.

Richard Harper now reads a lot, Atlantic Monthly, The American Mercury and other magazines. When you read a critique of a white writer, HL Mencken under another Whiteman wrote "A Fool Mencken," Richard was impressed by the criticism of Mencken's long noted as a critic of the whites involved in the south of HL Mencken. He goes to an Irish-Catholic man, and Mr. Falk asked him to give him his passport when blacks wereprohibition of lending library books. So, with this card Wright forged notes to the librarian: "Dear Sir: Please let this nigger boy have some books by HL Mencken?" Wright has been studied by this method Mencken's prejudices and a book of prefaces and is characterized by Mencken's iconoclasm and the use of words such as weapons.Thus in the realm of literature, impressed. began to American contemporary literature and commentary by HL Mencken, who read beatenhim with particular force. After reading Mencken's A Book of Prefaces, Richard yearns to know more about the authors alluded to knowledge: Conrad, Lewis, Dostoevsky, Flaubert, Theodore Dreiser, Sinclair Lewis, Sherwood Anderson, the elder Alexander Dumas, Frank Harris, and O . Henry. . Richard sits in his room, eating out of cans while reading great works of literature and feeding his hunger. In these years he read much, as he had decided to become a writer. However, he began,secretly borrowing books from the library of white just in Memphis. "My days and nights of a long, quiet, the dream continues contents of terror, tension and anxiety are," he wrote later in his autobiography Black Boy.

A turning point in the growth and maturation of Richard's when he discovered the power of words - a discovery that his whole perspective on his life and the changes around him. During his hunger that had previously consumed, Richard finally begins to quench its thirst forKnowledge through the reading was learning more than any of his years in formal education has never taught. Although his reading him even more isolated from its environment and the black community, has developed a deep understanding of themselves and their environment.

Soon, Richard decides to leave for the north. Move the winter of Richard's mother and brother down to live with him. His brother found a job and they decide to start saving to move to the north. Richard White says nothing aboutMen at his job than his draft, knowing it would put him in danger. He tried to think of a way of life and refuses to stay in the South, to present and be a slave to forget that everything we had read. He wonders how long he needs to stay in the south.

With her husband abandoned the family visited Aunt Maggie in Memphis. Your visit is a factual basis for Richards formed plan to move to the north. Aunt Maggie and Richard North would first go. Richard then told his boss and blackEmployees who were forced to take the paralyzed mother in Chicago. The white men then warn that the North is a place to live for a black man. Wright recalls: "That was the culture from which it was born, this was the nightmare from which I fled .."

In a train to the north, Richard tried to discuss the various forces that led him to this point reflects: its separation from the south with the only thing the administration to make it live for books to read. But thenacknowledges that he never left the South behind emotionally, because in the south who had grown up, it is. The novel ends with Richard North: "With keen eyes, and bears the scars, I headed north, filled with a confused notion that life can live in dignity, and that the personalities of others should not be violated, that men are able to meet other people to be without fear or shame, and that if men were in their happiness on this earth that still give a sense of victorywith their effort and suffered under the stars. "

Richard Wright Coming of Age in a white-dominated south and equipment for combat racism